Research also concerns differences between perspectives on spatial relations across cultures, what these imply, and the exploration of potentially partaking cognitive mechanisms.
It has been argued that people universally use an egocentric representation to solve non-linguistic spatial tasks which would align with the relative frame of reference.
Other researchers have proposed that people apply multiple frames of reference during their daily lives and that languages reflect these cognitive structures.
Confounding variables could potentially explain a significant proportion of the measured difference in performance between the linguistic frames of reference.
These can be categorized into three types of confounding factors: Gentner, Özyürek, Gürcanli, and Goldin-Meadow[19] found that deaf children, who lacked a conventional language, did not use gestures to convey spatial relations (see home sign).