[4] According to Laval University, because of civil wars that rocked the country, French became a "haven language" for various armed factions.

For example, speakers who are incompetent in Kituba and Kikongo (especially those in the north), and Lingala (especially those in the south) prefer to speak French for security reasons.

This language is used by 50.35% of the Congolese population who live along the Congo-Océan railway line which connects Brazzaville to Pointe-Noire in the south of the country.

Batekes form 16.9% of the population and are mostly found in the Plateaux Department, in the Cuvette-Ouest (where they are known as Mbéti and Tégué), Niari, Bouenza and the Pool region.

Omer Massoumou et Ambroise Jean-Marc Queffélec, Le français en République du Congo sous l'ère pluripartiste (1991-2006), Paris, Éditions des archives contemporaines - Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, 2007, 451 p. Jean-Alexis Mfoutou, La langue française au Congo Brazzaville Manifestation de l'activité langagière des sujets parlants, Éd.