The Late Ottoman period (c. 1750 - 1918) is the archaeologically and historically defined periodisation of areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies, primarily in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus and the Balkans.
[1] Accordingly, the spatial extent of the area covered by the definition was dynamic, getting smaller as time went on.
[3] As an analytical construct, it overlaps with the later stages of the Ottoman Empire, from about 1750 until its dissolution following the end of the First World War.
[4] This period was characterized with increased foreign, primarily European, intervention, outside invasions, the Tanzimat reforms, social modernization, economic globalization, improvements in communications and transportation infrastructure, and political change.
[5][6][7] According to Marom and Taxel, the separation, in academic discourses, of the Late Ottoman and post-Ottoman, Mandate periods, "represents an artificial break in the history of the countryside that [...] overshadows the social, demographic, economic, cultural, and local-political continuities, attested in historical and archaeological evidence.