Overview regimes can involve judicial officers, be provided by internal audit services, by independent authorities, by the LEA's governing body, or some other civil mechanism.
The former group can have strong and multiple levels of overview, typically for every exercising of the power or law exemption, and the latter group can have no overview other than an exceptional response for some extreme malutilisation of the power or law exemption.
Civil overview is normally after the event reporting on the frequency and effectiveness of the use of the powers to open fora accessible to the public.
For example, the Australian Federal Police's controlled operations are subject to open civil review by its governing body, the Parliament of Australia.
In a civil society or democratic society, governing bodies give their law enforcement agencies specific powers to intercept telecommunications via specific laws, for example, in Australia with the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979,[4] in the United Kingdom via the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, and in the United States with 18 USC §2516.
For example, in Australia an ombudsman has strong intrusive powers to monitor and review an LEA using TI.
[4] Intrusive seizure can include: Law enforcement agencies are specifically given the authority to seize property, for the example the Federal Bureau of Investigation[6] The power to search and seize property is typically granted in an instance via an instrument called a search warrant.
A controlled operation typically includes the substitution of all of the illicit substances, or the significant majority of them, by the law enforcement agency with similar looking but benign materials.
In open societies, controlled operations are specifically legislated for to be used by law enforcement agencies and are subject to overview, for example in Australia.
[9] Intrusive surveillance typically means entering or interfering with the private and confidential space and property of a subject.
[8] Recent advances in technology have made surveillance easier to achieve and, in some instance, even commonplace.