[6] According to Helen Graham, Francoist Spain was "constructed as a monolithic community by means of the brutal exclusions of specific categories of people.... Those excluded, broadly speaking, were defeated Republican constituencies who could not leave Spain... who to the Franco government were all reds and, once placed beyond the nation, they were deemed to be without rights.".

[7] On 13 February 1939, Franco published in Burgos the Law of Political Responsibilities (Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas).

Furthermore, additional penalties included restriction of professional activities, limitation of freedom of residence and forfeiture of Spanish citizenship.

[13] Among the victims of the law were intellectuals and artists such as Isabel Oyarzábal Smith,[14] Pere Bosch-Gimpera, Josep Lluís Sert and Pablo Casals.

A Comisión Liquidadora de Responsabilidades Políticas (Commission for the Discharge of Political Responsibilities) remained in operation until 1966, when the law was effectively abolished.