He studied at Halle, and served as pastor in various places till 1847, when he withdrew from the Evangelical Church, and thenceforth was preacher of the Free Congregation at Magdeburg.

His liberal views frequently involved him in difficulties with the authorities.

1846); Christentum und Kirche (2d ed.

1846); Die Throne im Himmel und auf Erden (1845); Handbüchlein der freien Religion (7th ed.

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