2020) (describing formatting rules for legal citation and providing examples).In the above sentence, the signal See generally is used to indicate that the source presents helpful background material related to the proposition.
This drop has alleviated concerns of a recession among some economists, particularly because this data comes at a time when "[r]eal-time estimates of overall economic growth remain strong."
Examples: "[N]ervousness alone does not justify extended detention and questioning about matters not related to the stop."
The term 'Fifth Amendment' in the context of our time is commonly regarded as being synonymous with the privilege against self-incrimination".
1996 ("[W]e are confident that by empowering the court to grant 'appropriate' relief Congress meant to include retroactive reimbursement to parents as an available remedy in a proper case.
For example, " ... Omitting the same mental element in a similar weapons possession statute, such as RCW 9.41.040, strongly indicates that the omission was purposeful and that strict liability was intended.
For example, it is precisely this kind of conjecture and hair-splitting that the Supreme Court wanted to avoid when it fashioned the bright-line rule in Miranda.
Davis, 512 U.S. at 461 (noting that where the suspect asks for counsel, the benefit of the bright-line rule is the "clarity and ease of application" that "can be applied by officers in the real world without unduly hampering the gathering of information" by forcing them "to make difficult judgment calls" with a "threat of suppression if they guess wrong").
This signal indicates that the cited authority presents background material relevant to the proposition.
2d 540, 119 S. Ct. 2176 (1999) (Kennedy, J., concurring in judgment) (finding that the "normal definition of discrimination" is "differential treatment").
For example: "Specifically, under Roberts, there may have been cases in which courts erroneously determined that testimonial statements were reliable.
The cited authority contradicts the stated proposition by analogy; a parenthetical explanation of the source's relevance is recommended.
This signal compares two or more authorities who reach different outcomes for a stated proposition.
Because the relevance of the comparison may not be readily apparent to the reader, The Bluebook recommends adding a parenthetical explanation after each authority.
102.166 (2001) (foreseeing manual recounts during the protest period), with 102.111 (setting what is arguably too short a deadline for manual recounts to be conducted); compare 102.112(1) (stating that the Secretary "may" ignore late returns), with 102.111(1) (stating that the Secretary "shall" ignore late returns).
See Christina L. Anderson, Comment, Double Jeopardy: The Modern Dilemma for Juvenile Justice, 152 U. Pa. L. Rev.
Do not italicize a signal used as a verb; for example, for a discussion of the Environmental Protection Agency's failure to interpret a statute to provide intelligible principles, see American Trucking Associations v. United States EPA, 195 F.3d 4 (D.C. Cir.
Signals of the same basic type - supportive, comparative, contradictory or background - are strung together in a single citation sentence, separated by semicolons.
1977) (holding that a classification of public school teachers based on age violated equal protection absent a showing of justifiable and rational state purpose).
See generally Comment, O'Neill v. Baine: Application of Middle-Level Scrutiny to Old-Age Classifications, 127 U. Pa. L. Rev.
Explanatory information takes the form of a present-participle phrase, a quoted sentence or a short statement appropriate in context.
Explanatory parenthetical phrases not directly quoting the authority usually begin with a present participle and should not begin with a capital letter: See generally John Copeland Nagle & J.B. Ruhl, The Law of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management 227-45 (2002) (detailing the ESA's prohibition on the possession of protected species).
When a complete participial phrase is unnecessary in context, a shorter parenthetical may be substituted: Such standards have been adopted to address a variety of environmental problems.
J. INT'L L. 727, 727-28(1952) (health-related water quality); Robert L. Meyer, Travaux Preparatoires for the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 2 EARTH L.J.
If the parenthetical quotes one or more full sentences, it begins with a capital letter and ends with punctuation: See Committee Note to Interim Rule 8001(f) ("Given the short time limit to file the petition with the circuit clerk, subdivision (f)(1) provides that entry of a certification on the docket does not occur until an effective appeal is taken under Rule 8003(a) or (b).").
If the parenthetical does not contain a complete sentence, the writer should not place final punctuation (such as a period) inside it.
Shorter parenthetical phrases may be used if a complete participial phrase is unnecessary in the context of the citation: The Florida Supreme court recently declared that "where the seller of a home knows facts materially affecting the value of the property which are not readily observable and are not known to the buyer, the seller is under a duty to disclose them to the buyer."
If a source directly quotes or supports an argument (no signal or "see" before a citation), no parenthetical is necessary.
If a cited case has subsequent history or other relevant authority, it follows the parenthetical: Anderson v. Terhune, 467 F.3d 1208 (9th Cir.2006) (claiming that a police officer's continued questioning violated due process rights), rehearing en banc granted, 486 F.3d 1115 (9th Cir.2007).
Portions of text, footnotes, and groups of authorities within the piece are cited with supra or infra.