Lenticular printing
Examples include flip and animation effects such as winking eyes, and modern advertising graphics whose messages change depending on the viewing angle.
While PETG and APET are the most common, other materials are becoming popular to accommodate outdoor use and special forming due to the increasing use of lenticular images on items such as gift cards.
[citation needed] Lenticular images saw a surge in popularity in the first decade of the 21st century, appearing on the cover of the May 2006 issue of Rolling Stone, trading cards, sports posters, and signs in stores that help to attract buyers.
Deeks used a similar technique with minute vertical corrugations pressed into photographic paper and then exposed to two different images from two different angles.
[8] The oldest known publication about using a line sheet as a parallax barrier to produce an autostereogram is found in an article by Auguste Berthier in the French scientific magazine "Le Cosmos" of May 1896.
[9] Berthier's idea was hardly noticed, but American inventor Frederic Eugene Ives had more success with his similar parallax stereogram since 1901.
Léon Gaumont introduced Ives' pictures in France and encouraged Eugène Estanave to work on the technique.
[10] In 1912, Louis Chéron described in his French patent 443,216 a screen with long vertical lenses that would be sufficient for recording "stereoscopic depth and the shifting of the relations of objects to each other as the viewer moved", while he suggested pinholes for integral photography.
[11] In June 1912, Swiss Nobel Prize winning physiologist Walter Rudolf Hess applied for a US patent for a Stereoscopic picture with a "celluloid covering having a surface composed of cylindrical lens elements".
They are circa 3 1/6 × 4 inches black and white pictures (with discolored or intentional hues) and labeled on their passe-partouts "Stereo-Photo nach W.R. Hess - Stereo-Photographie A.G. Zürich.
These were basically simpler versions of Lippmann's integral photography and had a linear array of small plano-convex cylindrical lenses (lenticules).
It used 16 mm black and white sensitive film embossed with 600 lenses per square inch for use with a filter with RGB stripes.
[19] Victor G. Anderson worked for the Sperry Corporation during World War II where 3D imaging was used for military instructional products, for instance on how to use a bomb sight.
By the late sixties, the company marketed about two thousand stock products including twelve-inch-square (30 cm) moving pattern and color sheets, large images (many religious), billboards, and novelty toys.
[23] Look magazine of 25 February 1964 introduced the publisher's "parallax panoramagram" technology with 8 million copies of a 10x12 cm black and white card with a photographic 3D image of an Edison bust surrounded by some inventions.
In 1960 Takara's Dakkochan – a little plastic golliwog toy with lenticular eyes – originally intended for toddlers, became popular with Japanese teenagers as a fashion accessory worn around the arm.
The lenticular picture on the album cover for the Rolling Stones' 1967 LP Their Satanic Majesties Request was manufactured by Vari-Vue, as well as the postcards and other promotional items that accompanied the release.
[40] From around the mid-1990s some lenticular CD covers were produced (mostly for limited editions), including Pet Shop Boys' Alternative (1995) with an image of Chris changing into Neil,[41] the Supersuckers' The Sacrilicious Sounds of the Supersuckers (1995),[42] Download's Furnace album (1995) and Microscopic EP (1996), Tool's Ænima (1996), The Wildhearts' Fishing for Luckies (1996), Kylie Minogue's Impossible Princess (1997), the Velvet Underground's Loaded 2CD version (1997),[43] Kraftwerk's "Expo 2000" (1999) and David Bowie's Hours (1999).
[44] Ministry's The Last Sucker album (2007) had an image of George W. Bush changing into a monstrous, alien-like face.
[50][51] Countries like Ajman, Yemen, Manama, Umm Al Qiwain and North Korea released lenticular stamps in the 1970s.
Over the years many other countries have produced stamps with similar lenticular full motion effects, mostly depicting sport events.
[52] In 2010 Communications agency KesselsKramer produced the "Smallest Shortest Film" on a Dutch stamp, directed by Anton Corbijn and featuring actress Carice van Houten.
The minisheet featured four fully lenticular stamps based on Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's Thunderbirds TV series.
In August 2018 the United States Postal Service introduced "The Art of Magic" lenticular stamp, sold in a souvenir sheet of three.
"[54] In August 2019 the United States Postal Service introduced a second stamp with lenticular technology, this time featuring the dinosaur Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Unlike the Vari-Vue product, Rowlux used a microprismatic lens structure made by a process they patented in 1972,[59] and no paper print.
While over 40 million 3D televisions were sold in 2012 (including systems that required glasses),[63] by 2016 3D content became rare and manufacturers had stopped producing 3D TV sets.
Poor design can lead to doubling, small jumps, or a fuzzy image, especially on objects in relief or in depth.
The causes are varied, they may come from a malleable material, incorrect printing conditions and adjustments, or again a dimensional differential of the engraving of the offset plates in each color.
If the sheet is not always cut in the same place relative to the first lenticule, a phase error is introduced between the lenses and the image slices.
