Lie
Although people in many cultures believe that deception can be detected by observing nonverbal behaviors (e.g. not making eye contact, fidgeting, stuttering, smiling) research indicates that people overestimate both the significance of such cues and their ability to make accurate judgements about deception.
[5][6] More generally, people's ability to make true judgments is affected by biases towards accepting incoming information and interpreting feelings as evidence of truth.
[37] Hannah Arendt spoke about extraordinary cases in which an entire society is being lied to consistently.
While people in many cultures believe that deception can be indicated by behaviors such as looking away, fidgeting, or stammering, this is not supported by research.
[examples needed] Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas, primarily as a method for eliciting confessions or employment screening.
The unreliability of polygraph results is the basis of the exclusion of such evaluations as admissible evidence in many courts, and the technique is generally perceived to be an example of pseudoscience.
A recommendation provided to resolve that contradiction is to try to surprise the subject and find a midway answer, not too quick, nor too long.
[47] Liars generally feel badly about their lies and sense a loss of sincerity, authenticity, and integrity.
[citation needed] A study was conducted by the University of Nottingham, released in 2016, which utilized a dice roll test where participants could easily lie to get a bigger payout.
In one instance, the gorilla Koko, when asked who tore a sink from the wall, pointed to one of her handlers and then laughed.
[49] Deceptive body language, such as feints that mislead as to the intended direction of attack or flight, is observed in many species.
[53] The evolutionary theory proposed by Darwin states that only the fittest will survive and by lying, we aim to improve other's perception of our social image and status, capability, and desirability in general.
[54] Studies have shown that humans begin lying at a mere age of six months, through crying and laughing, to gain attention.
[56] The presumption is that humans are individuals living in a world of competition and strict social norms, where they are able to use lies and deception to enhance chances of survival and reproduction.
Stereotypically speaking, David Livingstone Smith asserts that men like to exaggerate about their sexual expertise, but shy away from topics that degrade them while women understate their sexual expertise to make themselves more respectable and loyal in the eyes of men and avoid being labelled as a ‘scarlet woman’.
[63] Nevertheless, there are examples of God deliberately causing enemies to become disorientated and confused, in order to provide victory (2 Thess.
Other passages feature descriptive (not prescriptive) exchanges where lying was committed in extreme circumstances involving life and death.
[77] The accompanying virtue is being honest and dependable,[78][79] and involves honesty in work, truthfulness to others, loyalty to superiors, and gratitude to benefactors.
[83] Some modern Buddhist teachers such as Thich Nhat Hanh interpret this to include avoiding spreading false news and uncertain information.
[81] Work that involves data manipulation, false advertising, or online scams can also be regarded as violations.
[84] Anthropologist Barend Terwiel [de] reports that among Thai Buddhists, the fourth precept also is seen to be broken when people insinuate, exaggerate, or speak abusively or deceitfully.
[86] Zoroaster teaches that there are two powers in the universe; Asha, which is truth, order, and that which is real, and Druj, which is "the Lie".
Later on, the Lie became personified as Angra Mainyu, a figure similar to the Christian Devil, who was portrayed as the eternal opponent of Ahura Mazda (God).
In Achaemenid Persia, the lie, drauga (in Avestan: druj), is considered to be a cardinal sin and it was punishable by death in some extreme cases.
Tablets discovered by archaeologists in the 1930s [88] at the site of Persepolis give us adequate evidence about the love and veneration for the culture of truth during the Achaemenian period.
[89] According to Stanley Insler of Yale University, as many as 72 names of officials and petty clerks found on these tablets contain the word truth.
After fighting successfully with nine traitors in a year, Darius records his battles against them for posterity and tells us how it was the Lie that made them rebel against the empire.
