[1] More generally, linguatulosis can be considered a form of "pentastomiasis", which refers to all diseases caused by pentastomids, including porocephaliasis.

Human liver autopsies in Berlin from the early part of the 20th century revealed an infection rate of nearly 12%.

But in some recorded cases, symptoms include nasopharyngitis accompanied by pain, itching of throat and ears.

Coughing, hemoptysis and vomiting are verifiable indications as well as sneezing, bleeding, dyspnea, and inflammation.

Complications include abscesses in the auditory canals, facial paralysis, and enlarged tonsils producing asphyxiation.