Mosquito-borne disease
A preprint by Australian research group argues that Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative pathogen of Buruli ulcer is also transmitted by mosquitoes.
[4] Botflies are known to parasitize humans or other mammalians, causing myiasis, and to use mosquitoes as intermediate vector agents to deposit eggs on a host.
However, some individuals can develop cases of severe fatigue, weakness, headaches, body aches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash, which can last for weeks or months.
[18] People infected with this virus can develop sudden onset fever along with debilitating joint and muscle pain, rash, headache, nausea, and fatigue.
Severe symptoms range from extreme lethargy, loss of consciousness, convulsion, difficulty breathing, bloody urine, jaundice, irregular bleeding, and death.
[20] Mosquitoes carrying such arboviruses are able to stay healthy due to their immune system being able to recognize the virions as foreign particles and "chop off" the virus' genetic coding, rendering it inert.
[22] The mechanism of transmission of this disease starts with the injection of the parasite into the victim's blood when malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes bite into a human being.
The parasite uses human liver cells as hosts for maturation where it will continue to replicate and grow, moving into other areas of the body via the bloodstream.
[24] Mosquito-borne flaviviruses also encode viral antagonists to the innate immune system in order to cause persistent infection in mosquitoes and a broad spectrum of diseases in humans.
WHO states that "There is no insect vector or animal reservoir for HCV",[26] while there are experimental data supporting at least the presence of [PCR]-detectable hepatitis C viral RNA in Culex mosquitoes for up to 13 days.
[29] Be ready to give details on any international trips, including the dates you were traveling, the countries you visited and any contact you had with mosquitoes.
[32] The fluid sample may show an elevated white cell count and antibodies to the West Nile virus if you were exposed.
Mosquito control measures during the Panama canal construction provide the only successful case study of reducing from outbreak status s to zero-malaria and zero-yellow fever,[36] where among applied measures the authority achieve zero yellow fever and zero malaria status where patients were aggressively treat in off-site facilities.
The ITNs continue to offer protection, even after there are holes in the nets, because of their excito-repellency properties which reduce the number of mosquitoes that enter the home.
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduces the female mosquito population and mitigates the risk of dengue virus transmission.
A 42 °C trap in front of a house will have its font yard mosquito-bite-free area for humans and mammal pets but not birds for their body temperatures are also at 42 °C.
In addition, the vaccine is not usually administered to babies under nine months of age, pregnant women, people with allergies to egg protein, and individuals living with AIDS/HIV.
[47] To date, there are relatively few vaccines against mosquito-borne diseases, this is due to the fact that most viruses and bacteria caused by mosquitos are highly mutatable.
[51] The arboviruses have expanded their geographic range and infected populations that had no recent community knowledge of the diseases carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
[53] Dengue infection's therapeutic management is simple, cost effective and successful in saving lives by adequately performing timely institutionalized interventions.
[56] Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, typically affect developing countries and areas with tropical climates.
Dengue incidence rates have risen sharply within urban areas which have recently become endemic hot spots for the disease.
[61] The recent spread of Dengue can also be attributed to rapid population growth, increased coagulation in urban areas, and global travel.
Without sufficient vector control, the dengue virus has evolved rapidly over time, posing challenges to both government and public health officials.
Due to increased illness severity, treatment complications, and mortality rates, many public health officials concede that malaria patterns are rapidly transforming in Africa.
[65] Robert L. Glaser and Mark A. Meola investigated Wolbachia-induced resistance to West Nile virus (WNV) in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies).
Glaser and Meola knew vector compatibility could be reduced through Wolbachia infection due to studies done with other species of mosquitoes, mainly, Aedes aegypti.
[citation needed] In 2011, Ary Hoffmann and associates produced the first case of Wolbachia-induced arbovirus resistance in wild populations of Aedes aegypti through a small project called Eliminate Dengue: Our Challenge.
The transfer of wMel from D. melanogaster into field-caged populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti induced resistance to dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses.
[69] This made it an extremely attractive alternative to traditional insecticide methods given the increased pesticide resistance occurring from heavy use.
