Lionel Snell

He has released numerous works on the subjects of magic and philosophy under various pen names, and is most famously known as Ramsey Dukes.

[2] In his youth, Snell received a series of scholarships which eventually allowed him to attend Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a degree in Pure Mathematics.

"[3] Due to his contribution in this area, Snell is often regarded as an important figure in the historical emergence of the chaos magic current.

In 1977, he claimed to have performed a well-known, but notably laborious and rarely attempted ritual called the Abramelin operation.

In this work, Snell outlines his “information model” theory of magic, which entertains the possibility that the universe could be a virtual reality.