At the Capetian era, we find that the number is set at twelve, but all throughout the Old Regime, there were 173 fiefs which were erected in peerage.
Since 1204, when the duchies of Normandy and Aquitaine were absorbed into the French crown, the roster of the Twelve Peers had never been complete.
Philip IV decided to restore the number of peers to twelve by granting peerage to three princes of the royal line — the duke of Brittany, the count of Anjou, and the count of Artois.
Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais Poitou La Marche Évreux Angoulême Mortain Étampes Bourbon Beaumont-le-Roger Clermont-en-Beauvaisis Maine Orléans Valois Nevers Rethel then Rethel-Mazarin Mantes-et-Meulan Mâcon Berry Auvergne Touraine Vertus Alençon Montpellier Forez Roannais Blois Chartres Dunois Fère-en-Tardenois Chateau-Thierry Périgord Soissons Coucy Nemours Châtillon-sur-Marne Mortagne-lès-Tournay Évry-le-Châtel Jouy-le-Châtel Coulommiers Ponthieu Saintonge Auxerre Foix Eu Beaujeu Villefranche Civray Vendôme Châtellerault Guise Montpensier Aumale Montmorency Albret Enghien Perche Graville Penthièvre Dreux Mercœur Clermont-Tonnerre Uzès Mayenne Saint-Fargeau Joyeuse Piney-Luxembourg Épernon Elbeuf Retz Brienne Hallwin Montbazon Ventadour Beaufort Thouars Biron Aiguillon Rohan Sully Fronsac Damville Brissac Grancey Lesdiguières Chevreuse Châteauroux Luynes Bellegarde Candale Chaulnes La Roche-Guyon La Rochefoucauld La Valette Frontenay Richelieu Puylaurens Saint-Simon La Force Valentinois Gramont Coligny Châtillon/Loing Estrées Tresmes/Gesvres Arpajon Lavedan Mortemart Noirmoutier La Vieuville Rosnay Villemor Villeroy Bournonville Cardone Créquy Orval Roquelaure Verneuil Villars-Brancas Fayel (Le Fayel) La Guiche Montaut Randan La Meilleraye Saint-Aignan Noailles Coislin Montausier Choiseul Aumont La Ferté-Senneterre (Saint-Nectaire) La Vallière Duras Chârost Saint-Cloud Le Lude Aubigny Châteauvillain Boufflers Villars Harcourt Fitz-James Antin Rambouillet Rohan-Rohan Hostun Lévis Châtillon Fleury Gisors Taillebourg La Vauguyon Praslin Brunoy Louvois Amboise Coigny A type of personal peerage, instituted in 1576 for the princes of the blood of France.
The royal princes who actually sat in respect of this type of peerage, having reached their 15th year, were as follows, at the dates indicated: Christophe Levantal, Ducs et pairs et duchés-pairies laïques à l'époque moderne (1519-1790), Paris, 1996