The grand duchy was initially ruled by the House of Medici, until their extinction in 1737.
Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine acceded the grand-ducal throne.
The House of Bourbon-Parma ruled over Tuscany in the form of the Kingdom of Etruria until their own deposition by forces of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807.
Elisa Bonaparte become Duchess of her ancestral homeland in 1809 by appointment from her own second older brother and King of Italy, Napoleon himself.
Tuscany was annexed to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859, and then absorbed into the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860.