Some argue that it was politically motivated citing as reasons his alleged backing of Jahangir's rebel son Khusrau Mirza and also the growing influence of the Guru.

[1][2] Jahangir's memoirs, the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri, describes Arjan as a Hindu religious leader who had "captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners".

[2] Sikh tradition views Arjan's death as persecution by the Mughals, rooted in his refusal to pay a fine, alter sacred hymns, or convert to Islam.

[5] Multiple narratives, including those involving Chandu Shah, attempt to explain or absolve Mughal responsibility but lack consistent evidence.

[9] These two swords represented the dual role of the Guru: protecting the oppressed and upholding righteousness on one hand, and nurturing spirituality and community welfare on the other.

[9][10] Guru Hargobind emphasized the need of having horses and weapons for self-defense and urged Sikhs to adopt a dual approach of prayer and preparation.

He also embraced sovereign symbols like a personal flag and a nagara (war drum), which served as a community rallying cry.

[13] The Akal Takht became the seat of Sikh temporal power, where Guru Hargobind administered justice, accepted sacrifices, and led the populace, while the Harmandir remained the site of spirituality.