For much of its history since 1935, the Philippines has been governed as a presidential unitary republic.
Since 1992, on presidential election days, the presidency, half of the Senate, the House of Representatives and all local officials above the barangay level, but below the regional level, are at stake.
Starting from martial law up to the People Power Revolution, referendums became more frequent.
After the People Power Revolution, there had only been one national referendum, on the approval of the current constitution.
The upcoming Bangsamoro Parliament can also hold special elections for vacancies for seats from its parliamentary districts.