The Brussels-Capital Region is a mix of both Dutch- and French-language influences, with a large influx of foreign names.
Nineteen of the twenty most common Danish surnames as of 1 January 2022 are patronymic ending in Norse -sen ('son of'), the only exception being Møller (Miller).
In the romantic spirit, they refer to natural features: virta 'river', koski 'rapids', mäki 'hill', järvi 'lake', saari 'island' — often with the suffix -nen added after the model of older, mainly eastern Finnish surnames such as Korhonen and Heikkinen.
There are also several names derived from professions (Samaras, Σαμαράς 'saddle maker', Papoutsis, Παπουτσής 'shoe maker'), area of (former) residence (Kritikos, Κρητικός 'from Crete', Aivaliotis, Αϊβαλιώτης 'from Ayvalık'), nicknames relating to physical or other characteristics (Kontos, Κοντός 'short', Mytaras, Μυταράς 'large-nosed', Koufos, Κουφός 'deaf') and more.
The patronymic suffix varies between dialects; thus Giannidis, Giannakos, Giannatos, Giannopoulos, Giannelis, Giannioglou all mean 'son of Giannis'.
Of the names above, with the exception of Smith and Walsh, all originally began with O' or Mac/Mc but many have lost this prefix over time.
In the case of a daughter being born into the family she would use Ní/Nic, for example Ó Muireadhaigh becomes Ní Mhuireadhaigh.
[42] Out of 236,000 entries in the EDITUS phone book: The most recent complete count of surnames in the Netherlands is based on the September 2007 county registrations.
The most recent complete count of surnames is based on end of year 2022 State Statistical Office.
The most common surnames in Russia, as calculated by Yumaguzin and Vinnik (2019):[57] Those Russian surnames that end with -ov/-ev or -in/-yn are originally patronymic or metronymic possessive adjectivals with the meaning 'son of' or 'daughter/wife of' (the feminine is formed with the -a ending – Smirnova, Ivanova, etc.).
The top ten surnames cover about 20% of the population, with important geographical differences.
Most of the common Spanish patronymic surnames were introduced in Spain during the fifth to seventh centuries by the Visigoths.
(2004 data confirmation of top 25) Source: World Family Names List of the 10 most common names among the Sami people (compiled from one third of the Sametinget voting list 2005):[69] German-speaking cantons (1998): Source:[70] Surnames of the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino Source: Turkish General Directorate of Population and Citizenships[71] Many of the surnames use the same root but different suffixes, or even different roots of the same meaning, depending on the part of Ukraine the person hails from.