Lombard effect

A speaker can regulate their vocalizations, particularly their amplitude relative to background noise, with reflexive auditory feedback.

[21] A speaker can regulate their vocalizations at higher cognitive level in terms of observing its consequences on their audience's ability to hear it.

There is a development shift however from the Lombard effect being linked to acoustic self-monitoring in young children to the adjustment of vocalizations to aid its intelligibility for others in adults.

[22] The Lombard effect depends upon audio-vocal neurons in the periolivary region of the superior olivary complex and the adjacent pontine reticular formation.

Trained singers can resist this effect but it has been suggested that after a concert they might speak more loudly in noisy surroundings, such as after-concert parties.

Great tits sing at a higher frequency in noise polluted urban surroundings than quieter ones to help overcome the auditory masking that would otherwise impair other birds hearing their song . [ 1 ] Although great tits achieve a change in song frequency by switching song types, [ 2 ] in other urban birds the change in frequency might be related to the Lombard effect. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] For instance, in humans, the Lombard effect results in speakers adjusting frequency