He was the son of Guy Auguste de Rohan-Chabot, Viscount of Bignan, Lieutenant General of the King's Armies (French: Lieutenant Général des armées), and, his first wife, Yvonne Sylvie du Breil de Rays (1712–1740).

He conducted himself admirably in the Seven Years' War, which earned him the nickname "the young hero" by Marshal Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle.

[2] In 1791, he inherited the estate of his first cousin, Louis Marie de Rohan-Chabot, 5th Duke of Rohan, and Peer of France, who also died without surviving issue.

[1] An emigrant from 1790 to 1792, he maintained correspondence with Madame du Barry in 1793 and was convinced of having received a loan of 200,000 pounds from her to support the War in the Vendée.

He died in Paris in 1807, before the Restoration, which allowed his son, Alexandre-Louis-Auguste de Rohan-Chabot, to buy back several of the family estates from the Viscount of Janzé in 1814: the châteaux of Pontivy and Josselin, still held by the Dukes of Rohan.