[2] The hallmarks of lupus pernio are violaceous or erythematous, indurated plaques that are mostly found on the cheeks and nose in the center of the face.

[3] The symptoms of lupus pernio range from a few tiny nodules on the nose to vibrant plaques that cover both cheeks.

[4] Lupus pernio lesions begin slowly but eventually penetrate and indurate into the underlying bone and cartilage, resulting in deformity.

The generally acknowledged theory proposes that a complex interplay among genetic predisposition, immunological dysregulation, and environmental factors leads to sarcoidosis.

[3] A number microorganisms have been suggested as potential etiologic agents of sarcoidosis, most notably mycobacteria and cutibacteria (previously propionibacteria).