British rule in the Lushai Hills

About ten miles south of Tlawng river, traveled a Mizo village leader named Buangtheuva (known to the British as "Bungteya") and his troops, who then invaded the Sylhet forest's timber.

The second resolution delayed the urgency of the creation of a single Chin-Lushai District on the opposition of the Chief Commissioner of Burma Alexander Mackenzie, stating it should not be taken immediately.

Within the span of a few years, Loch had removed the improvised structures and abandoned village remnants into a station of well-constructed stone houses with corrugated iron roofs, proper doors and windows.

[32] Other entitlements such as a lifetime exemption from an annual housing tax, coolie labour quotas and an ability to tour abroad also proved popular for Lushai manpower.

Deaths were attributed to the novelty of a sea journey to mainland Europe, disease, casualties from bombings and grenades in the course of labour work and ammunition handling.

[33][36] Lushai Labour Corps personnel were also active in Arras for demolition work, even deployed to regions such as Mesopotamia, Greece, Lucknow and the Ottoman vilayet of Basra.

[38] The first forms of organized politics in the Lushai Hills began in 1925 under the leadership of the Telela (Darchhingpuia), a pharmacist of the Ralte tribe in Kulikawn suburb of Aizawl.

The group sent a memorandum to Parry protesting against compulsory labour such as construction of the chief's house, zawlbuk, village schools and coolie work.

These were the Ten Point Code, the Welfare System under the aegis of the Red Cross, the Lushai Hills Cottage Industries and the inauguration of the Chief's Durbar.

These innovations were introduced to unify the Lushai identity and to support Governor of Assam Robert Reid's vision of transforming the excluded tribal zones into a separate Crown Colony.

[59] The Lushai Hills Cotton Industry initiative was too risky for government funds and was privately financed by McCall and his wife, who formed as a joint organizer and managing director of the venture to cultivate craftsmanship and broader market opportunities to export loom products.

The organization developed a view against the institution of Lushai chieftainship which would influence its members who would go on to found the Mizo Union on the same policy and ideology such as Vanlawma.

[66] The Total Defence Scheme involved guerilla warfare, strategic abandonment of villages, scorched earth tactics with denial of food and water, booby traps, destruction of bridges and exclusive information supplied to British authorities.

McCall explicitly states to Chiefs to arm the bravest with guns and rifles and not directly confront enemies but to rely on knowledge of the terrain for effective ambush tactics.

McCall's scheme was made in mind that tribal people did not possess up-to-date arms, were not professionally trained in military affairs and lacked vital air support and reconnaissance in comparison with the Japanese.

This prompted the settlements of Champhai, Biate,Darzo, Hnahlan, Khuangpah, Pawlrang, Samthang, Sawleng, Tipaimukh, Thingsai,Tuisenhnar and Vanlaipai to establish Pasalṭha pawl.

[79] The policy of opposing chieftainship alienated many chiefs who initially participated in the Mizo Union and led to Superintendent MacDonald pushing back on a perception of radicalisation and destabilisation of the system of indirect rule.

The Assam State Chief Minister Gopinath Bordoloi began to cooperate with the Khasi, Garo, Mizo and Naga on the direction of their political future.

Public opinion on Lushai chieftainship had begun to sour, and tolerance decayed for chiefs using power and authority on behalf of the British, which appeared increasingly autocratic.

The meeting also concluded that all families are obligated to pay the fathang (paddy tax) except government workers, teacher, pastors and salvation army personnel.

Vanthuama began to debate Vanlawma on the possibility of independence as a small nation, and fighting a rebellion would be fruitless and destructive while stifling resources for economic growth.

As a result they encouraged a serious commitment to MacDonald's proposed constitution as a Crown Colony of the British as they believed this would protect the Mizo people and their land.

[108] Due to the failure of gaining consensus and approval for his proposals from the district conference, MacDonald began to cooperate with the Mizo Union right wing.

Peters held a meeting on 14 August 1947 to discuss the options for the future of Lushai Hills, whether to remain with India, join Burma, or become independent.

Amajority of the delegates at the meeting supported a union with India based on the belief that a guarantee can be maintained on the maintenance of existing safeguards on their customary laws and land rights.

The District Officer took the initiative in commercializing and educating Mizo labourers in cotton production skills as a safeguard against the failure of rice crops.

The decision to privately finance the cotton industry in the Lushai Hills stemmed from the central government's reluctance to invest in a venture and a need to curb Christian revivalism growing in communities.

[117] In the months of leisure in the jhumming cycle, labourers would spend time producing a rug made of unspun, white, tufted, local cotton.

[118] The Lushai Hills Cotton Industries began to train and upskill Mizo labourers into looming craftmanship which as a domino effect led to craftsmen spreading these teachings to other villagers.

[121] Issues in the cotton industries were resolved with well off and influential individuals such as Chhuakhama, Pachhunga and Thanga who negotiated agreements with the Imperial Tobacco Company at their personal expense.

A public works bridge in Tuirial.
Lushai mission school students learning arithmetic.
Lushai schoolgirls playing.
An early Lushai dispensary.
Fort Aijal, present-day Aizawl, in 1889.
Subdivisions of Mizoram from 1898-1960s
Lushai woman reading a magazine.
Lushai village welfare meeting.
Lushai chiefs pledge allegiance to the Union Jack during World War II.
A Lushai reenactement of Winston Churchill's speech.
Superintendent's wife giving gifts to Lushai recruits in World War II.
Lushai recruits making a journey to enlist for World War II.
Lushai workers in the Reid House storage building.
A Cotton bazaar situated in Aizawl for the Lushai Cotton Industries.
The hand ginning of cotton by Lushai workers.
Separation of cotton with rice water.
Mrs McCall organizing the Lushai Hills Cotton Industries Program.
Lushai weaver with a tobacco pipe.