Mülk

[4] The term mülk has its origins in Arabic and was historically significant in the context of property and land ownership, particularly in the Islamic world.

The concept of mülk played a key role in the Ottoman land tenure system, influencing how wealth and power were distributed across different societal classes.

Most land was considered miri and belonged to the state, which allowed the sultan to exert control over agricultural production and taxation.

Following the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the legal and administrative structures surrounding property rights evolved.

The mülk system, while no longer central to land management, remains an important legal concept in modern Turkey, where it still signifies property ownership.