Macro-haplogroup L

[4] In terms of mtDNA, however, it appears that modern humans and Neanderthals form a sister clade, with Denisovans as basal outgroup.

This has been explained as reflecting early gene flow from Africa into the Neanderthal genome, around 270 kya or earlier, i.e. around the time of the first emergence of anatomically modern humans (Jebel Irhoud).

[4] The most recent common ancestor of modern human mtDNA (dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve") is dated to ca.

The emergence of haplogroup L1-6 by definition dates a later time, at an estimated 200–130 kya,[1] possibly in a population in eastern Africa.

The deep time depth of these lineages entails that substructure of this haplogroup within Africa is complex and poorly understood.

This suggests that an earlier wave of expansion of Homo sapiens left Africa between about 200–130 kya (during the Penultimate Glacial Period, c.f.

As a result of the South East Bantu migration it is now spread throughout Central Sub-Saharan Africa, at the expense of the previously more widespread L0, L1 and L5.

Haplogroup L3 diverged from L3'4 at about 70 kya, likely shortly before the Southern Dispersal event (Out-of-Africa migration), possibly in East Africa.

[13] Haplogroup L0f is present in relatively small frequencies in Tanzania among the Sandawe people who are known to be older than the Khoisan.

It is found in North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, Americas, Europe, ranging from low to high frequencies depending on the country.

The deep time depth of these lineages entails that substructure of this haplogroup within Africa is complex and, at present, poorly understood.

These two haplogroups are found throughout Africa at varying frequencies and thus exhibit an entangled pattern of mtDNA variation.

L0d has also been detected among the Sandawe of Tanzania, which suggests an ancient connection between the Khoisan and East African populations.

[30] Relatively high frequencies of 7.40% and 8.30% were also reported respectively in South Spain, in the present population of Huelva and Priego de Cordoba by Casas et al.

[31] Significant frequencies were also found in the Autonomous regions of Portugal, with L haplogroups constituting about 13% of the lineages in Madeira and 3.4% in the Azores.

The highest frequency (18.2%) of Sub-Saharan lineages found so far in Europe were observed by Alvarez et al. 2010 in the comarca of Sayago in Spain and in Alcacer do Sal in Portugal.

[33][34] In Italy, Haplogroup L lineages are present in some regions at frequencies between 2 and 3% in Latium (2.90%), parts of Tuscany,[28] Basilicata and Sicily.

[35] In 2015 study found that a prehistoric episode would be the main contributor to the sub-Saharan presence in Mediterranean Europe and Iberia.

Alves Silva reports that 28% of a sample of White Brazilians belong to haplogroup L.[39] In Argentina, a minor contribution of African lineages was observed throughout the country.