Located in the easternmost part of the county along Lake Erie, it borders the following townships: Several populated places are located in Madison Township: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Madison Township has a total area of 184.6 square miles (478.0 km2), of which 43.2 square miles (112.0 km2) are land and 141.4 square miles (366.1 km2), or 76.6%, are water.

[4] The township extends north into the center of Lake Erie, where it ends at the Canadian border.

[6] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

Currently, the board is composed of Chairman Thomas Sill, and members Max Andersen, Jr., and Peter V. Wayman,[7] and Sarah Hamercheck is the Fiscal Officer[8] Students enrolled in kindergarten through the fifth grade attend Madison Elementary North or Madison Elementary South and students in grades sixth through eight attend Madison Middle School.

Madison Township is also home to one of Lakeland Community College's three off-site centers.