Located in the northern part of the county along the Michigan state line, it borders the following townships: The village of Pioneer is located in northwestern Madison Township, and the unincorporated community of Kunkle is located in its southwest.

The township lies within the Toledo Strip, a contested ribbon of land over which Ohio and Michigan came to blows in an 1835–36 confrontation known as the Toledo War.

[6] It is one of twenty Madison Townships statewide.

[7] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[8] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election.