Madiun (Javanese: ꦑꦸꦛꦩꦝꦶꦪꦸꦤ꧀, romanized: Kutha Madhiun) is a city in the western part of East Java, Indonesia, known for its agricultural center.

Madiun is commonly known as "Kota Gadis", which is an acronym for "Trading, Education and Industrial City" in Indonesian and sometimes known as Milaan van Java in Dutch language.

After the signing of the Renville Agreement that year, guerrilla units and militias under the influence of PKI were ordered to disband.

Army sources claimed that the PKI had announced the proclamation of the "Soviet Republic of Indonesia" on 18 September with Musso as its president and Amir Sjarifuddin as its prime minister.

Amongst the executed PKi members were several leaders including Muso killed on 31 October, allegedly while trying to escape from prison.