It quantifies the strength of the magnetic field induced by an electric current.
Since the revision of the SI in 2019 (when the values of e and h were fixed as defined quantities), μ0 is an experimentally determined constant, its value being proportional to the dimensionless fine-structure constant, which is known to a relative uncertainty of 1.6×10−10,[1][2][3][4] with no other dependencies with experimental uncertainty.
Its value in SI units as recommended by CODATA is: The terminology of permeability and susceptibility was introduced by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin in 1872.
[6] The modern notation of permeability as μ and permittivity as ε has been in use since the 1950s.
Two thin, straight, stationary, parallel wires, a distance r apart in free space, each carrying a current I, will exert a force on each other.
From 1948 until 2019 the ampere was defined as "that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10−7 newton per metre of length".
The current in this definition needed to be measured with a known weight and known separation of the wires, defined in terms of the international standards of mass, length and time in order to produce a standard for the ampere (and this is what the Kibble balance was designed for).
In the 2019 revision of the SI, the ampere is defined exactly in terms of the elementary charge and the second, and the value of
is determined experimentally; 4π × 0.99999999987(16)×10−7 H⋅m−1 is the 2022 CODATA value in the new system (and the Kibble balance has become an instrument for measuring weight from a known current, rather than measuring current from a known weight).
[10] Prior to the 2019 revision, it was referred to as the magnetic constant.
In the 1987 IUPAP Red book, for example, this constant was called the permeability of vacuum.
[12] Another, now rather rare and obsolete, term is "magnetic permittivity of vacuum".
See, for example, Servant et al.[13] Variations thereof, such as "permeability of free space", remain widespread.
The name "magnetic constant" was briefly used by standards organizations in order to avoid use of the terms "permeability" and "vacuum", which have physical meanings.
The change of name had been made because μ0 was a defined value, and was not the result of experimental measurement (see below).
In the new SI system, the permeability of vacuum no longer has a defined value, but is a measured quantity, with an uncertainty related to that of the (measured) dimensionless fine structure constant.
[14] Since the late 19th century, the fundamental definitions of current units have been related to the definitions of mass, length, and time units, using Ampère's force law.
However, the precise way in which this has "officially" been done has changed many times, as measurement techniques and thinking on the topic developed.
The overall history of the unit of electric current, and of the related question of how to define a set of equations for describing electromagnetic phenomena, is very complicated.
Ampère's force law describes the experimentally-derived fact that, for two thin, straight, stationary, parallel wires, a distance r apart, in each of which a current I flows, the force per unit length, Fm/L, that one wire exerts upon the other in the vacuum of free space would be given by
The form of km needs to be chosen in order to set up a system of equations, and a value then needs to be allocated in order to define the unit of current.
In the old "electromagnetic (emu)" system of units, defined in the late 19th century, km was chosen to be a pure number equal to 2, distance was measured in centimetres, force was measured in the cgs unit dyne, and the currents defined by this equation were measured in the "electromagnetic unit (emu) of current", the "abampere".
[b] The value of μ0 was chosen such that the rmks unit of current is equal in size to the ampere in the emu system: μ0 was defined to be 4π × 10−7 H/m.
[a] Historically, several different systems (including the two described above) were in use simultaneously.
In 1948, international decisions were made by standards organizations to adopt the rmks system, and its related set of electrical quantities and units, as the single main international system for describing electromagnetic phenomena in the International System of Units.
The magnetic constant μ0 appears in Maxwell's equations, which describe the properties of electric and magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation, and relate them to their sources.
In the International System of Quantities (ISQ), the speed of light in vacuum, c,[15] is related to the magnetic constant and the electric constant (vacuum permittivity), ε0, by the equation:
Between 1948 and 2018, this relation was used by BIPM (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) as a definition of ε0 in terms of the defined numerical value for c and, prior to 2018, the defined numerical value for μ0.
During this period of standards definitions, it was not presented as a derived result contingent upon the validity of Maxwell's equations.