[3][4] Anthropologist Ernestine Friedl specifically cited the slow average reproductive rates of women in extant hunter-gatherer and horticultural societies of the 1970s (one child in three years) as a reason why this might be important.
[9] Social psychologist Roy Baumeister argues that it is common within cultures that the most dangerous jobs are male dominated; job-related deaths are higher in those occupations.
Men make up the great majority of construction workers, truck drivers, police, fire fighters, and armed service members.
"[13][14][15] Anarcho-capitalist economist Walter Block argues in The Case for Discrimination that male expendability is the result of women being the bottleneck of reproductive capacity in a population.
[16] Norwegian sociologist and scholar of men's studies Øystein Gullvåg Holter argues that the male-led Russian government's belief in male expendability contributed to their delay in seeking international help during the Kursk submarine disaster, in which an all-male crew of 118 personnel was lost.