[1] In 1898, the United States entered a roughly fifty year period of colonial control in the Philippines.
[7] This was followed by the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), in which Filipino independence fighters, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, fought against American forces.
[8] Meanwhile, the US government, under William Howard Taft, launched a pacification campaign to win over support from Filipino elites, in 1900.
[10] The majority of Filipino immigrants were young, single males, who came to work in agricultural jobs in California and Hawaii.
[12] The agricultural and factory work tended to be extremely physically demanding, with harsh conditions and low pay.