Margarita Ivanovna Rudomino (Russian: Маргарита Ивановна Рудомино; 3 July 1900 – 9 April 1990) was a Soviet librarian who founded what was later called the Margarita Rudomino All-Russia State Library for Foreign Literature.

Rudomino was born in 1900 in Białystok, which is now in Poland, but was then part of the Russian empire.

In 1921 she founded a library of foreign books in an old building in central Moscow.

Rudomino grew the collection and studied in Denmark to understand western library techniques.

The library had German texts taken after World War Two, but Rudomino's library kept a flow of foreign science papers to enable Russian science to progress.