She has multiple wins at the Giro Donne, Holland Ladies Tour, Ladies Tour of Norway, La Flèche Wallonne, Ronde van Drenthe, Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio, Emakumeen Euskal Bira and GP de Plouay – Bretagne; also she ranked first in points in the UCI Women's Road World Cup five times and in the 2019 UCI Women's World Tour.

[14] In 2004, Vos excelled in cyclo-cross for the first time when she won her first international race in Gieten, beating Birgit Hollmann and Arenda Grimberg.

[15] She finished third in the Dutch junior road race and time trial, unable to beat Ellen van Dijk who won both events.

[22] Van Dijk was able to defend her time trial title successfully before Maxime Groenewegen, while Vos finished third again.

[23] Participating as a senior at the Dutch cyclo-cross championship Vos finished second behind Daphny van den Brand.

[11] She finished fourth at the world junior cyclo-cross championship and won a race held in Heeswijk a week later.

Van den Brand changed bikes and lost her lead, finishing one minute behind to take bronze.

[34] During the 2006 road season Vos took part in the Gracia–Orlová Tour in the Czech Republic and won the 5th stage, 2:20 ahead of the pack.

[35] In that same week she won the Omloop van Borsele for the second time in a row, beating Vera Koedooder and Bertine Spijkerman.

Vos cycled in a group containing all the favourites for the race and outsprinted Sharon van Essen and Suzanne de Goede to win the title.

[38] On 28 June 2006 Vos was named Dutch Sports Talent of the year 2006 ahead of pentathlete Laurien Hoos and gymnast Epke Zonderland.

[46] In the European cyclo-cross championship Vos won a bronze medal behind Daphny van den Brand and Hanka Kupfernagel.

[47] In 2007, Vos won La Flèche Wallonne Féminine and the Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt World Cup events before going on to win the series overall.

[48] In 2011, Vos won the Giro d'Italia Femminile, winning 5 stages in the process as well as the points and mountains classifications.

On the road, she recorded wins at the Ronde van Drenthe and the Trofeo Alfredo Binda, but fractured her collarbone after colliding with a motorcycle during the Valkenburg Hills Classic on 25 May.

[51] She then raced in the Giro Donne, where for the second year running she won five stages and the general classification.

[54] On 28 September Vos won another world road race championship after riding away from her challengers on a steep climb in the final lap of the course in Florence, Italy.

The women's race was launched after a successful petition by Le Tour Entier, a group led by Marianne Vos, Emma Pooley, Kathryn Bertine and Chrissie Wellington.

She finished in 9th place in the Olympic road race, which was won by her teammate Anna van der Breggen.

[48] In 2022, Vos started the year with an eighth cyclo-cross world championship title in Fayetteville, Arkansas, at the end of a fierce head-to-head battle with defending champ Lucinda Brand (Netherlands).

She won stage 2 to Provins, defeating Katarzyna Niewiadoma, Elisa Longo Borghini and Silvia Persico in the sprint.

Even though she had led this classification for several stages, she would wear the green jersey for the first time on the final day of the race.

Ultimately, Vos finished 26th in the general classification, 36 mins and 56 secs behind winner Annemiek van Vleuten.

Vos abandoned the 2023 Tour de France Femmes after six stages in anticipation of the world road race championship – however she finished 47th, nearly 15 minutes behind the winner.

At La Vuelta Femenina, Vos won the points classification for the second year in succession, as well as winning two stages.

At the Paris 2024 Olympic Games women's road race, Vos won a silver medal by beating Lotte Kopecky in a sprint for second place.

At the Tour de France Femmes, Vos won the points classification for the second time.

[48] At the first edition of the Tour de France Femmes, following her first stage win, Vos revealed she has been in a relationship with fellow Dutch cyclist Moniek Tenniglo.

[68] Vos is an ambassador for the Dutch charity Jeugdsportfonds which financially supports children of poor families who want to join a sports club.