In the early centuries of Islam, the name of the area was changed to Jibal or Kuhestan.

By the early 10th century, Khorheh had become a famous city of Jibal province, followed by Tafresh and Khomein.

In recent times, the expansion of the north–south railroad (commonly known as the Persian Corridor) and the establishment of major industries have helped boost development in the area.

Persians make up the majority of the province,[5] but there are significant minorities of Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Lurs, etc.

The population history and structural changes of Markazi province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.