The town has the following Gemarkungen (traditional rural cadastral areas): Altfeld, Glasofen, Marienbrunn, Marktheidenfeld, Michelrieth, Oberwittbach and Zimmern.

[3]: 48 Under Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn the Counterreformation forced the local populace back into the Catholic church.

This met with resistance and Echter established a new parish at Heidenfeld, as well as ordering the construction of a large church, the St.- Laurentius-Kirche.

[3]: 49 In 1649, the name Marktheidenfeld made its first appearance, to distinguish the town from the Heidenfeld Monastery near Schweinfurt, which likewise belonged to Würzburg.

In 1948, Marktheidenfeld, which underwent a great upswing in population growth after the Second World War with the arrival of Heimatvertriebene, was raised to town.

Since the municipal reforms in Bavaria (1972–1976), the formerly self-administering communities of Altfeld, Glasofen, Marienbrunn, Michelrieth, Oberwittbach and Zimmern have belonged to Marktheidenfeld.

The town had some 530 inhabitants in 1542, roughly 730 to 800 in the late 16th century, 630 in 1633 and by the end of the Thirty Years' War, in 1648, possibly 500 to 550.

The Franck-Haus is a richly adorned townsman's house from the Baroque period, built in 1745, and is one of the town's most important sights.

[4] Permanent exhibits include the "world’s smallest library", a collection of miniature books from Valentin Kaufmann's legacy, a demonstration smithy, an old smith's workshop built in the courtyard, and an information room on painter and artistic craftsman Hermann Gradl's life and works.

The Alte Mainbrücke ("Old Main Bridge"), made out of red sandstone blocks, was built in the mid-19th century during King Ludwig I's reign, and opened in 1845.

Other sights include the old town with historic timber-frame houses, the Main Promenade, the marketplace with the Fischerbrunnen (fountain), and the Kreuzbergkapelle (chapel), consecrated in 1890.

Apportionment of the 24 seats (2008-2014 electoral period) The town's arms might be described thus: Argent, in base water azure, thereupon a bridge of stone gules masoned sable with three piers upon which segmented arches with keystones, in chief a mullet of the second.