In the 1930s, Gueroult spent some time at the University of São Paulo in Brazil where he worked along with other French intellectuals such as Roger Bastide, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Pierre Monbeig and Ferdinand Braudel to develop the newly founded university’s social science programs.
Gueroult re-titled his position as "Histoire et technologie des systèmes philosophiques" ["History and Technology of Philosophical Systems"] and it is here he would remain until his retirement in 1962.
Gueroult's work was characterized by a close attention to the History of Philosophy—which he considered as noble as philosophy itself—as well as a strong demand for systematicity.
Gueroult's influence has primarily been confined to France where his works have come to be seen as classics in the history of philosophy.
He was highly influential on the thought of 20th-century French thinkers such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jules Vuillemin, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, Gilles Deleuze and Geneviève Rodis-Lewis.