Martin Van Buren Montgomery (October 20, 1840 – November 12, 1898) was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.

Born on October 20, 1840, in Eaton Rapids, Michigan, Montgomery read law in 1865.

He served in B Company, Second Michigan Cavalry of the Union Army in the American Civil War from 1861 to 1862 and became a sergeant.

He resumed private practice in Jackson, Michigan from 1871 to 1873, then returned to Eaton Rapids from 1873 to 1875.

He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 26, 1888, and received his commission the same day.