Mayabeque is made up of the 11 eastern municipalities of the former La Habana province, with the capital in San José de las Lajas.

Mayabeque's economy is based on agriculture (potatoes, fruits, vegetables, sugar cane) and livestock farming, particularly milk production.

It also has a relevant industry sector located mainly in San José de las Lajas and Santa Cruz del Norte.

Products include building materials, electrical cables, rubber industry, glass vessels, ceramics, food processing, paper processing, bio-pharmaceuticals (in Bejucal), fishing products, and oil and gas extraction.

The province also has two large Havana Club rum factories, power plants, and sugar mills; as well as important scientific institutions and an agricultural science university.