The town is situated in the northern portion of the Kanto plain and is mostly flat terrain with an elevation of 50 to 100 meters above sea level.

Tochigi Prefecture Mibu has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall.

After the Meiji restoration, Mibu town and the villages of Inaba and Minami-Inukai were created within Shimotsuga District on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system.

Mibu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members.

In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tochigi 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.