In schools and in many countries of the Southern hemisphere, small-scale working takes place with low-cost and even no-cost material.
A further application of these ideas was the devising by Bradley of the Radmaste kits[4] in South Africa, designed to make effective chemical experiments possible in developing countries in schools that lack the technical services (electricity, running water) taken for granted in many places.
Here the crucial breakthrough was achieved by Mayo, Pike and Butcher[5] and by Williamson[6] who demonstrated that inexperienced students were able to carry out organic syntheses on a few tens of milligrams, a skill previously thought to require years of training and experience.
These approaches were accompanied by the introduction of some specialised equipment, which was subsequently simplified by Breuer without great loss of versatility.
Scaling down experiments, when combined with modern projection technology, opened up the possibility of carrying out lecture demonstrations of the most hazardous kind in total safety.