Other scholars believe that the lyric could have originated from France, as some of the translations closely mirror the French versions.
The Refrain gives the lyric unity and provides commentary (this is not unlike the bob and wheel found in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight).
In addition to functioning thematically, the refrain encourages the audience to participate in singing the lyric.
Finally, Musical Effects also encourage audience participation, and they take the form of rhythms and sounds (for example, onomatopoeia is not an uncommon trope employed).
Evidence for this appears in a variety of Middle English poetry, especially Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.
Many of Chaucer's lines bear an uncanny resemblance to Middle English lyrics.
Since these lyrics were written in a clear medieval Latin, scholars infer that these authors were likely clerics, familiar with other languages as well.