[3] In the Minerva Mills case, the Supreme Court provided key clarifications on the interpretation of the basic structure doctrine.

[4] The ruling struck down clause 4 and 5 of the Constitution (Forty second Amendment) Act, 1976 enacted during the Emergency provision imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

[5] (5) For the removal of easy doubts, it is hereby declared that there shall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution under this article.

[3] Chief Justice Chandrachud wrote: Three Articles of our Constitution, and only three, stand between the heaven of freedom into which Tagore wanted his country to awake and the abyss of unrestrained power.

Article 31C has removed two sides of that golden triangle which affords to the people of this country an assurance that the promise held forth by the preamble will be performed by ushering an egalitarian era through the discipline of fundamental rights, that is, without emasculation of the rights to liberty and equality which alone can help preserve the dignity of the individual, added art 368(4) & art 368(5) in indian constitution.