The coastal plain rises to around 100 meters above sea level and stretches 20 to 30 kilometers inland from the India Ocean.

The rest of the District climbs gradually to a height of roughly 400 meters above sea level as it moves from the east toward the northern and mid-southern regions.

The northern regions gradually increase toward the Umba hills, which stretch into Kenya and are around 800 meters high.

The Umba River drains the majority of the district's northern region, flowing east into Kenya before emptying into the Indian Ocean.

[9] The district features a semi-arid climate with variations in the amount of rainfall, landforms, soil types, and potentials for land use.

of land, which comprises a separate biological zone, the population's primary sources of income are fishing and mariculture.

Despite the fact that 80% of the population is dependent on agriculture, poverty continues to be a pervasive problem, especially for homes whose crop production is the sole source of income.

[11] German colonial period saw the initial development of sisal estates, and the sector dominated the local economy up until the 1970s.

A significant source of employment, the sisal plantations drew laborers from as far afield as Zambia and Mozambique.

[12] Since sisal plantations employed a sizable population and provided them with a means of money to support their way of life, their demise had a noticeable effect on the neighborhood.

Not only was sisal production utilized to alleviate poverty, but there was also a lack of community empowerment on the part of the government to make use of other resources, such as the abundant arable land; the average household only cultivates around one acre.

[13] Within its seven wards, the Mkinga district is home to 21 fishing communities, including Mayomboni, Moa, Kwale, Manza, Boma, Doda, and Mtibwani.

[14] Paved trunk road T13 from Tanga to the Kenyan border passes through the district at the town of Horohoro.

In Tanzania's Eastern Arc of Mountains, some of the Usambara, home to unique variety and endemic species of their flora and fauna are located in the western part of the district.

This is a significant issue that forces serious patients, particularly pregnant women, to travel great distances in order to access medical care, particularly surgical services.

[25] Another issue in the District is a lack of access to safe and clean water, especially during dry seasons when only 54.3% of the population does, which increases the risk of communicable diseases.