Moltke Township was organized in 1878, and named for Helmuth von Moltke the Elder (1800–1891), Chief of the Prussian, and then German, General Staff.

[3] According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 39.0 square miles (101.1 km2), all land.

As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 337 people, 119 households, and 96 families residing in the township.

The racial makeup of the township was 98.22% White, 0.59% African American, 0.59% Asian, and 0.59% from two or more races.

18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.