Mordecai Margalioth (Margulies) (13 October 1909/28 Tishrei 5670–24 March 1968; Hebrew: מרדכי מרגליות) was a scholar of the Talmud, Midrash and Geonic literature.

He was a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

He studied at the Tachkemoni High School in Tel Aviv and then in Yeshivot in Jerusalem.

He also published academic versions of several ancient works with added introductions, notes, and explanations.

In 1946, he won the Rabbi Kook Prize for research literature and reference books.