Historical documents show that they were also called “colored regulars” to identify them as more than auxiliary troops[2] Historian Anthony L. Powell explains from first-hand account that joining the Army was a significant opportunity for young African American men; it offered economic security, purpose and an education.

He points out that the post-civil war economy left large numbers of African Americans unemployed and homeless.

[4] Buffalo Soldiers fought during the day and went to school most evenings, learning reading, writing and math.

Williams became one of the first African-American Ordnance Sergeants in 1886, and starting in 1895, served at Fort Stevens, Oregon, where he was charged with the care of large coastal gun emplacements.

First Sergeant Williams' official Medal of Honor citation reads: Rallied a detachment, skillfully conducted a running flight of 3 or 4 hours, and by his coolness, bravery, and unflinching devotion to duty in standing by his commanding officer in an exposed position under a heavy fire from a large party of Indians saved the lives of at least 3 of his comrades.Fierce fighting style: spirit of the buffalo Appearance:  Coats worn by Buffalo Soldiers called “Buffalo Robe” see photo from Smithsonian below.