Moskal

Initially, as early as the 12th century, moskal referred to the residents of Muscovy, the word literally translating as "Muscovite" (differentiating the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from other East Slavs such as people from White Ruthenia (Belarusians), Red Ruthenia (Ukrainians), and others).

With time, the word became an archaism in all the East Slavic languages, and survived only as a family name in each of those languages—see below.

[6] The negative connotation in Ukraine came in around the late 18th-early 19th centuries in the form of an ethnic slur labelling all Russians.

[7] The "Moskal" is a stock character of the traditional Ukrainian puppet theatre form, vertep.

[8][9] It also gave rise to a number of East Slavic family names: Moskal, Moskalyov, Moskalenko, Moskalik, Moskalyuk, Moskalchuk, Moskalyonok.

The Moscow Kremlin under Prince Ivan Kalita in the early 14th century, depicted by 19th century painter Apollinary Vasnetsov .
Text in Ukrainian on a white T-shirt: "Слава Богу, що я не москаль" ( Slava Bohu, shcho ya ne moskal ), transl. Thank God I am not a Moskal