[3] In addition to the gains in throughput from inverse multiplexing, links may be added or dropped as the user moves in or out of coverage without disrupting the end-to-end TCP connection.

From a network security perspective, multipath routing causes cross-path data fragmentation that results in firewalls and malware scanners becoming inefficient when they only see one path's traffic.

[8] Some applications could benefit from an enhanced API to control the underlying Multipath TCP stack.

[23] There is also an ongoing effort to push a new Multipath TCP implementation in the mainline Linux kernel.

For example, several types of smartphones, notably in Korea, use Multipath TCP to bond WiFi and 4G through SOCKS proxies.

In this deployment, Multipath TCP is used to efficiently balance the traffic over the xDSL and the LTE network.

[29] In the standardisation of converged fixed and mobile communication networks, 3GPP and BBF are interoperating to provide an ATSSS (Access Traffic Selection, Switching, Splitting) feature to support multipath sessions, e.g, by applying Multipath TCP both in the User Equipment (UE) or Residential Gateway (RG) and on the network side.

[31] The Multipath TCP option consists of the standard Option-Kind (in this case 30) and Length values, followed by a 4-bit subtype field, for which the IANA maintains a sub-registry entitled "MPTCP Option Subtypes" under the "Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Parameters" registry.

A deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework for joint congestion control and packet scheduling with an intelligent agent that leverages policy gradients is developed to learn optimal congestion control and scheduling strategies from experience.

[36] The advantage of DRL-based Multipath TCP has been shown for fair and efficient distributed edge learning application.

From this point of view, IMS can therefore offer application layer multipath support with flow granularity and concurrent access.

A multipath extension to Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) has been under discussion within the IETF.

[38] Very recently in addition a proposal to extend also DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol) by a multipath feature is discussed at IETF in TSVWG (Transport Area Working Group) [40] dubbed as MP-DCCP.

[43] Parallel access schemes[38] used to accelerate transfers by taking advantage of HTTP range requests to initiate connections to multiple servers of a replicated content, are not equivalent to Multipath TCP as they involve the application layer and are limited to content of known size.