[2] Each institute of the NIH has separate appropriations from Congress determined on an annual basis.
An "early stage investigator" is someone who has received their PhD or MD or has finished residency within the past 10 years.
About 90% of the research published from the funded grants related to the discovery and characterization of these pathways, rather than the development of the drug itself.
[6] A study on the value of public research funding found that 30% of NIH grants led to research being published that was cited in a patent application, and that for every $100 million funded by the NIH, 23 patents were submitted.
[7] NIH numbers the types of applications: Applications are reviewed by a Scientific Review Group made up of volunteer subject matter experts, generally professors in the relevant fields, and by a National Advisory Council made up of federal employees.
R01s are generally awarded for 3–5 years, and are used to support a "discrete, specified, circumscribed research project".