Nancy Lee Caroline (June 27, 1944 – December 12, 2002) was an American physician and writer who worked in emergency medical services (EMS).

She was medical director of Freedom House, an emergency ambulance service that assisted underserved populations in Pittsburgh in the 1960s and 1970s.

[2] She began her medical career while still a teenager, working as a photographer and lab worker at Massachusetts General Hospital.

She stayed in Cleveland to complete her residencies, and then began a fellowship in critical care medicine at the University of Pittsburgh in 1973.

In 1974, the university received grant funding from the U.S. Department of Transportation to create a "curriculum for nation wide emergency medical services".

[1] Since her childhood, her identity as a Jewish person was of great importance to Nancy Caroline, and shaped many of her actions and choices throughout her life.

While working in the region, she managed the Flying Doctors emergency medical service, which covers Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, and southern Sudan.

During her five-year stay in East Africa, she wrote a handbook on basic life support while consulting for the League of Red Cross societies and running seminars on first aid.

In 1987, she returned to Israel and continued to work for AMREF, writing correspondence courses for rural health workers in Africa and developing training materials in emergency medicine.