Nanophase ceramic

[3] This is important because if the surface area is very large the particles can be in contact with more of their surroundings, which in turn increases the reactivity of the material.

In an experiment, grains of titanium dioxide that had an average size of 12 nanometers were compressed at 1.4 GPa and sintered at 200 °C.

[5] Then the ceramics are condensed in a gas (dependent on the material being synthesized) and transported via convection to a liquid-nitrogen filled cold finger.

[5] This all occurs in a vacuum, so no impurities can enter the chamber and affect the results of the nanophase ceramics.

While these benefits all relate to nanoparticles in general (including polymers), ceramics have other, unique abilities.

Unlike polymers, slow degradation of ceramics allows for longer release of the drug.

Ceramics can also be created to match the chemistry of biological cells in the body increasing bioactivity and biocompatibility.

Nanomaterials can be manufactured to simulate these structures which is necessary for grafts and implants to successfully adapt to and handle varying stresses.

Nano grain size increases the bonding, growth, and differentiation of osteoblasts onto the ceramic.

The surfaces of nanophase ceramics can also be modified to be porous allowing osteoblasts to create bone within the structure.