A subscript diacritic [ą], called an ogonek or nosinė, is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears tone marks that would interfere with the superscript tilde.
That is the case, among others, of French, Portuguese, Hindustani, Nepali, Breton, Gheg Albanian, Hmong, Hokkien, Yoruba, and Cherokee.
[5] Note that Ladefoged and Maddieson's transcription of heavy nasalization with a double tilde might be confused with the extIPA adoption of that diacritic for velopharyngeal frication.
Most nasal consonants are occlusives, and airflow through the mouth is blocked and redirected through the nose.
[further explanation needed] In Old and Middle Irish, the lenited ⟨m⟩ was a nasalized bilabial fricative [β̃].
A nasal trill [r̃] has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism.
However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled.
They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in Korean.
An example is vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] 'white wine', ultimately from Latin vinum and blancum.